## How can I record frequencies from 0.1 to 20 Hz?

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For my experiment I've recorded a sound during the day with my webcam microphone, and accelerated it 900 times, to hear whats going on there in the street at very low frequencies. Effects was interesting, but not so much, because only high frequency sounds have been recorded. (almost silence at low frequency)

Seems my webcam is not capable of recording very low frequency sounds, because of small membrana. Taken some estimations, I need to record sound frequencies within 0-25 Hz range, and with very good sensitivity in range 0.1 - 2.5Hz

How can I achieve this? Can I take subwoofer, and use it as microphone? (but it has low impendance ~ 7-8 ohm) Any advice for building such audio->electric transducer device?

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This is not a direct answer to your question. What you need is not a direct answer because in order to carry out your intentions successfully you will need to know exactly what you are doing. Infrasound is a different world. Recording infrasound is much like exploring the mariana trench or deep space. You will not get far if you don't know where you're going and buying an expensive microphone alone will get you exactly nowhere. I bring a lot of background information so prepare for a long read.

## First of all: Artifacts

I assume you are not only speeding up the sound, but simultaneously transposing it. So by speeding it up 4x you are transposing everything by 2 octaves. Speeding up by 1024x transposes your sound by 10 octaves. This means that 20 hz waves will turn into 20480hz waves and 1hz waves will turn into 1024 waves. Transposing or frequency shifting sound past the sample rate can and will cause artifacts that will be audible in the lower frequency ranges.

Therefore I recommend you to apply very strong HighCut filters and to go step by step:

1. Add a BUT48 high-cut filter at 5khz
2. Repeat Step 1 at least 2 more times
3. ONLY Transpose by 1 octave = Speed up sound 2x
4. Repeat step 1-3 as many times as you want.

Save every file with the maximum Bit-depth and sample rate possible. Therefore you should be looking forwards to accelerating sound 1024x not 900x. Why? let me explain:

## How Artifacts happen

This is a 1024hz wave at a sample rate of 44.1khz

2048hz at a sample rate of 44.1khz

4096hz

8192hz

16192hz

Now this does not even come close to a sinewave anymore. You see the highest note you can playback with a sample rate of 44.1khz is a 22050hz triangle wave.

Yes, it looks like a Square wave in nero Wave Editor but really it's a triangle wave. Actually it's not possible at all to re-create a pure square wave because they require an infinite samplerate (You would need 2 datapoints, one at the top and one at the bottom, at the same timeframe. That is not possible)

The important thing we need to understand is that when speeding up sound by a factor of 2 the software will pick Data Point 1 & Data Point 2 and average them creating the new Data Point 1. Then it will pick Data Point 3 & Data Point 4 and average them creating the new Data Point 2, and so on. Nero Wave Editor has a different approach: he starts with Data Point 1 and simply ignores every other Data Point. Transposing a 22050hz wave by 1 octave looks like this. Dead Silence with an offset:

Now instead of transposing it by an octave I transposed 22050hz by 11 Semitones. And what do we get? Instead of a 41644hz sine wave we suddenly have a 2450hz triangle wave! Oops!

This is why it's so important to high-cut the high sounds before transposing and only transposing by a factor of 2.

Some people here in the answers expressed their doubts about their computers being able to handle infrasound frequencies. Lol. I beg to differ. This is 0.015625hz and we could go much, much, much, much lower than that.

Now that you know how to transpose properly you want to record Infrasounds and make them audible and analyze them on a Spectrum Analyzer, right?

## The correlation between frequency and membrane diameter

Because loudspeakers are my field of knowledge more so than microphones I will provide examples with loudspeakers but the principles are the same. A Subwoofer with a membrane diameter of 46cm and a moving mass of 200g will not be able to reproduce a 20khz note with a lot of volume. It has nothing to do with the weight of the membrane and everything to do with stiffness. If you send a 20khz note throuh a large Subwoofer the membrane will not oscillate uniformly. It will look a lot worse than this:

Now if you take a very small loudspeaker with a membrane diameter of 8cm and pass a 1hz sine wave through it the pressure will not be transmitted to the air around the speaker that is responsible for carrying sound to your ear. This is called a mismatch in acoustic Impedance. The air does not absorb and transmit the pressure wave but instead it moves out of the way of the speaker. Let's not get into the math of this but it's very much like trying to paddle a boat with a small stick. The water will simply flow around the stick.

In order to properly transmit a 1hz sine wave you would need an immense membrane, hundreds of metres in diameter. Horn speakers are a cheap fix. Technology does not allow us to create membranes of sufficient size therefore we connect horns to small membranes. Large membranes would prove horn systems useless. A small membrane 30cm in diameter is too small to properly transmit bass frequencies into the air. A long-throw horn system will couple the membrane to the air more efficiently and match the acoustic impedance.

Or you start stacking these, also called an URPS:

The same applies to microphones. A microphone will pick up sounds that have a matching acoustic impedance with more volume than other sounds.

## What is sound?

We know sound is molecules vibrating. But we have different factors for determining volume in air. Air pressure and velocity.

Sound can be rapidly moving air at extreme speeds with low pressure (such as the port of a subwoofer)

The reason the girls eardrums are not ruptured at 160db+ is because the ear canal is too narrow, the frequency too low and the air pressure too low to efficiently transmit the energy of the air vibrating at such a high velocity to her eardrum: her surroundings have a very low acoustic Impedance which results in a mismatch.

Imagine the following picture was a vibrating tuning fork and you had a microphone at a reasonable distance next to it with a membrane of the microphone 10x larger in diameter than the wavelength of the vibrating air. The soundwave would successfully cause the membrane of the microphone to oscillate back and forth in unison.

Now imagine the picture above was a giant nuclear device pulsating at 0.01hz. And you were unfortunately close next to it sitting in this house with a small microphone:

You can see the winds pushing back and forth on the house. Air moving from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Acoustic Impedance is too low to catch the pressure wave with your microphone. The microphone would need to be immensely huge.

Sound is not only air moving back and forth, it also manifests as a pressure. If you look at the yellow animated picture again you can imagine the darker orange bits are areas of high pressure and the light yellow bits are areas of low pressure. Like in the weather forecast. You could measure these differences with a pressure gauge, convert them to a soundfile and transpose it with the method described above which is what you want right?

Before you run off and buy some expensive microphone keep in mind that sound comes in different levels of acoustic impedance.

And you will need different methods to capture each type.

• A pressure gauge (high impedance) is good for measuring pressure differences and poor when it comes to recording wind or higher frequencies.
• A fan (low impedance) is good for measuring the wind of a nuclear explosion and useless for measuring pressure differences.
• A standard microphone (medium impedance) with a membrane will not react to the wind of a nuclear explosion. It will not react to weather changes either because the pressure changes too slowly. If you want to catch the weather change with a standard electrodynamic microphone you would need different air pressure behind the membrane than in front of the membrane in order for the membrane to move. An electrodynamic microphone works by pushing a voice coil through a magnet which generates electricity. A voice coil moving at 0.01hz through a magnet would not generate enough energy to be measurable.

Now before you run off and buy some expensive microphone remember that you need a measurement tool that has a matching impedance with the sound that you want to measure. Acoustic Impedance is everything. Membranes are simply much too small compared to the wavelength which causes these massive differences in impedance between different methods of recording infrasound. You will need to choose your method wisely.

If you just start measuring with the B&K Type 4193 microphone recommended above you will have no idea what you are measuring. You will get a lot of unidentifiable random noise.

If you are aware of what you are recording and you understand acoustic impedance you will automatically know what tool you will need for the job without asking people online. And thanks to me you will know how to properly process the soundfile. Don't waste money. Know what you are doing.

1hz would require half-wavelength diameter membrane? e.g 340m/s speed of sound in air/2 = 170 meter memrane in diameter to record? yes, you can do voice coil of insane impendance, at diameters that big.. =) thank you for detailed answer! i know what DSP is, recording such things would'nt actually require more than 500-1000hz sampling rate – xakepp35 – 2018-09-04T23:45:56.887

half-wavelength is indeed the lowcut for the diameter of a membrane or the mouth of a horn. Of course there are ways to cheat. My tractrix horns are exactly 60cm in diameter and I by measurement they start amplifying around 280hz. – AzulShiva – 2018-09-08T19:26:57.103

So what about that expensive mic? How could it ever record that 0.07 HZ?

– xakepp35 – 2018-09-09T12:09:29.070

That goes for speakers. I doubt that thing can record 0.07hz, especially since it's capable of recording up to 20khz. You're welcome to try. – AzulShiva – 2018-09-09T13:57:26.887

Hey! Now I know what i want to record. But I dont know the tool for it yet.. Lets come to it slowly. You mentioned that sound is not all just about air movement, but also a pressure differences. There is a sound in a solids - "vibrations". So lets take simlier solid thing, which could separate us from sound medium - "moving air". A wall! Okay, i can put a microphone to the wall and record sound, coming from behind a wall, or even sound if someone will hit a wall even far away. – xakepp35 – 2019-01-21T04:06:13.370

A wall has its resonant frequency, yes its a resonator and at that frequency waves dont attenuate much, so we can record. But lets take bigger solid. A skyscraper. Wind hits it walls, weather changes tension, cars passing nearby transmits vibration to it via ground. And it resonates. Slowly, with low amplitude and frequency, but definetely. I want to record "a vibration of a building", and speedup it, like, 900x times, and listen then. What tool should I use, man?)) Like two.. sensors(which?) attacked to the different sides of building? – xakepp35 – 2019-01-21T04:09:10.743

A concrete wall has a relatively high resonance frequency. Smack it with a sledgehammer and you will see. An entire skyscraper will resonate much lower however they will damp all other frequencies: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HB2jgJJG2is If you transpose or speed up this frequency you will get a perfect sinenote with some background noise.

– AzulShiva – 2019-01-21T08:23:08.613

2I suggest you start with fluids and convert them into sound. That will produce much more interesting results and you can see exactly what you are recording. You will want to record the amplitude of water at a fixed point in an ocean near a shore or a lake or bathtub. Make a large box out of plexiglas, submerge it into water and attach it to a solid pole. Put a camera inside and track the elevation of the water surface against a scale on the plexiglas. Find a way to transform the data into audio. You will probably want to learn programming with C# or something. – AzulShiva – 2019-01-21T08:27:31.567

Thanks, I am alredy C programmer & game developer for 15 years, can elaborate that webcam algorigthm excelently. It was nice to read your great explanation on PCM handling. Thats a sign of good answer! I am more interested in what you called "acoustic impendance". I heard about 3-axis accelerometers, its easy to convert 3D vector amplitude change to signal. But one, found in my phone is quite noisy. Also i thought about laser rangefinder and Tensiometer What do you think on those?

– xakepp35 – 2019-01-21T20:10:37.030

game developer? Interesting, me too. I don't know anything about tensiometers sorry. Laser rangefinders are more for measuring long distances. Don't know how accurate they would be and how efficient they would be in detecting fluctuations quickly. If you intend on taking them apart and tinkering, Bosch has some really good, cheap ones starting around 100$. – AzulShiva – 2019-01-23T08:04:24.263 I mean not actually measure a pulse response time. But to light up a surface and get a reflection, and look how much sent signal phase differs from reflected and received signal phase. That difference would be signal. Works to the half wavelength vibrations (very small) for infra red laser – xakepp35 – 2019-01-23T08:09:54.017 13 A webcam mic is going to be nowhere near good enough to record infrasound. Most mics, good or bad, aim to capture sound between 20Hz & 20KHz [the approximate absolute limits of human hearing]. The cynic in me would say that roughly, the higher the price, the closer to achieving that they may get. Then there are specialist mics - made by some very serious boffins in brown lab coats - which can record 20Hz down to near DC. B&K [Brüel & Kjær, who split out their commercial microphone division some years ago into DPA (Danish Pro Audio)] make some truly fabulous mics for all purposes, including the 4193 - ½-inch infrasound microphone, 0.07 Hz to 20 kHz, 200V polarization They seem to retail at about$150 which is pretty cheap for a B&K mic, I have some that were about two grand each... & they won't do infrasound, either ;)

btw, I'm not trying to sell you B&K/DPA mics, I'm just pointing out that this is a pretty specialist area that has serious players in it.

Then there will be the issue of whether your audio interface is useful below 20Hz - which is about where most of them really start to fade away.

As you plan on speeding up the audio into human range, then which speakers you use will be less important.

I did find this all-in-one 'low cost' solution, though at 345 bucks you'd have to be pretty serious about it to invest. I have no idea if it's any good or not, it's just what Google threw up - Infiltec - The Inexpensive Infrasound Monitor Project.

I do love their list of possible uses for this technology - ranging from the very serious to the very silly...

• Wind turbine monitoring.
• Animal monitoring, including elephants, hippos, rhinos, giraffes, tigers, alligators, certain birds, etc.
• Earthquake and tsunami monitoring.
• Bolide or detonating fireball meteor monitoring.
• Volcano monitoring.
• Avalanche monitoring.
• Thunderstorm, lightning and severe weather monitoring.
• Sonic boom monitoring.
• Explosion monitoring.
• Aurora monitoring.
• Paranormal investigations.
• Rotating equipment monitoring.
• Sick building analysis.
• Environmental assessments.
• Microbarom monitoring.
• Helicopter monitoring.

Thank you for such a detailed answer. And yes, my problem is called high pass filter, and lies somewhere between mic and A/D converter. I have measured, it cuts all below 18-20 Hz. Possible solution is doing some FM, like described here http://www.vcl.salk.edu/~micah/FM/FM.html

– xakepp35 – 2016-03-15T10:58:29.790

btw, implementation by Infiltec is interesting too.. – xakepp35 – 2016-03-15T11:11:24.673

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If you want to save some money and do it yourself you might try suspending a membrane of some sort, like a piece of paper or plastic, and attaching an accelerometer to it. A quick search found the MMA8453Q made by Freescale Semiconductor. It costs a dollar, takes 10bit samples, and samples at a rate of up to 800Hz. The max sensitivity mode is 2g which means one bit corresponds to about .002g. If you do a little more searching you might be able to find one more sensitive with an analog output that can connect directly to an analog input.

Your soundcard is probably capable of picking up signals down to DC. I know there are programs out there that let you use your soundcard as an voltmeter and oscilloscope. If it isn't then it is because someone decided to put a capacitor on the input to get rid of dc offset. In that case you can just short the capacitor. FM with a voltage controlled oscillator would be fine too. You may even find an accelerometer with a vco built in.

Very glad to read something like this pure DIY approach. It's definetely not about saving money or time, but about deep investigation in the very basics of process, which matters in my case of hobby..

My sound card is made of some MotherBoard chip that has only digital out. And 'supremeFX 2' riser card with analog IO. Riser card contains all that D/A and A/D chips in single AD1988 IC. I've disassembled it quite ago, and cant remember any electrolytics capacitors on it. Could it be SMD? – xakepp35 – 2016-03-19T01:05:59.237

1@xakeppYeah it could be SMD. Since the input impedance is high on a ADC the capacitor doesn't have to be big. I would really expect them to use a smd component because of low voltage requirements and low capacitance requirements. Just make sure DC is really blocked in before going through the trouble of finding it. From what I can tell from your chip's data sheet it doesn't block dc in but it does mention that it blocks frequencies below 20Hz on output. It also mentions something about microphone power out. I don't know if that will complicate things. – user135995 – 2016-04-03T04:34:14.917

I was using following stack: Subwoofer (samsung, 3.8 ohm or so) was connected to mixer input (behringer ub1202). Mixer output was connected to sound card. Woofer was put outside window, then recorded during 1 day with Audacity and speed up 30 times to hear whats goin on in the street. So the problem could be also in mixer, as it contains many smds. – xakepp35 – 2016-04-08T22:04:44.283

To go deeper i thought about following solution. 1st, i need to byu something like precise high-impendance accelerometer, instead of using low-impendance subwoofer. Then solder some kind of preamplifier (or maybe use something like TL071), with BIG input cap, so that it cutoff frequency will be less or equal to 0.1 Hz (but blocks DC). And use solution like FM synthesis card. What stack do you think is best suited for digital sound recording and then accelerating it 1000+ times? – xakepp35 – 2016-04-08T22:04:48.767

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What you are looking for is a seismograph

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Cheap and DIY way would be piezo disk with somekind of accelerator set up wired up to high impedance input amplifier. Get a cheap hand recorder powered via large power bank to eliminate power grid/pc connections noise.

Plenty of videos available on youtube. I have similar setup going for different purposes.

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Thanks for all the informative explanations and helpful metaphors AzulShiva.

I have a different low frequency problem. I think it's related to this question but please correct me if I'm meant to make a new post.

I'm subjected to a technical problem in the floors of a 4 story building. Basically everyday walking becomes amplified through the floor into the lower level as low frequency sound pollution. I need to create proof in order to get the housing company to make an improvement to the insulation.

Being interested in sound and composing I have some basic knowledge. After many attempts with recordings, all devoid of the sound I need to capture, I noticed on a spectrum visualiser that the sound was around 30Hz, which is too low for my devices.

I've now tried borrowing a better recorder that captured the 30Hz but this is useless as proof because most devices wont manage playback.

I imagine that the nature of the solid wooden floor upstairs, proportionate to the size of my home (soundbox?) is causing these low frequency physical booms. After reading this thread, I think maybe the wooden floor upstairs might also be acting as a membrain... no idea, but in terms of housing this seems to be a rather grey area.

More googling and I'm learning that the lower frequencies are experienced as louder in dB, partly because they are so physical. They actually resonate in the body (and ears), and also that they require a different insulation material.

Long story very short, do you have advice that can help me create convincing proof for my argument on a very limited budget?

Thanks :)

sca

it's better to ask this as a new question. – Hobbes – 2020-03-11T08:18:20.050

okay will do. thanks :) – sca – 2020-03-12T06:19:40.823