Canonical correlation

In statistics, canonical-correlation analysis (CCA) is a way of inferring information from cross-covariance matrices. If we have two vectors X = (X1, ..., Xn) and Y = (Y1, ..., Ym) of random variables, and there are correlations among the variables, then canonical-correlation analysis will find linear combinations of X and Y which have maximum correlation with each other.[1] T. R. Knapp notes that "virtually all of the commonly encountered parametric tests of significance can be treated as special cases of canonical-correlation analysis, which is the general procedure for investigating the relationships between two sets of variables."[2] The method was first introduced by Harold Hotelling in 1936.[3]

Definition

Given two column vectors and of random variables with finite second moments, one may define the cross-covariance to be the matrix whose entry is the covariance . In practice, we would estimate the covariance matrix based on sampled data from and (i.e. from a pair of data matrices).

Canonical-correlation analysis seeks vectors ( ) and ( ) such that the random variables and maximize the correlation . The random variables and are the first pair of canonical variables. Then one seeks vectors maximizing the same correlation subject to the constraint that they are to be uncorrelated with the first pair of canonical variables; this gives the second pair of canonical variables. This procedure may be continued up to times.

${\displaystyle (a',b')={\underset {a,b}{\operatorname {argmax} }}\operatorname {corr} (a^{T}X,b^{T}Y)}$

Computation

Derivation

Let and . The parameter to maximize is

The first step is to define a change of basis and define

And thus we have

By the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, we have

There is equality if the vectors and are collinear. In addition, the maximum of correlation is attained if is the eigenvector with the maximum eigenvalue for the matrix (see Rayleigh quotient). The subsequent pairs are found by using eigenvalues of decreasing magnitudes. Orthogonality is guaranteed by the symmetry of the correlation matrices.

Solution

The solution is therefore:

• is an eigenvector of
• is proportional to

Reciprocally, there is also:

• is an eigenvector of
• is proportional to

Reversing the change of coordinates, we have that

• is an eigenvector of ,
• is proportional to
• is an eigenvector of
• is proportional to .

The canonical variables are defined by:

Implementation

CCA can be computed using singular value decomposition on a correlation matrix.[4] It is available as a function in[5]

Hypothesis testing

Each row can be tested for significance with the following method. Since the correlations are sorted, saying that row is zero implies all further correlations are also zero. If we have independent observations in a sample and is the estimated correlation for . For the th row, the test statistic is:

which is asymptotically distributed as a chi-squared with degrees of freedom for large .[6] Since all the correlations from to are logically zero (and estimated that way also) the product for the terms after this point is irrelevant.

Practical uses

A typical use for canonical correlation in the experimental context is to take two sets of variables and see what is common among the two sets.[7] For example, in psychological testing, one could take two well established multidimensional personality tests such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) and the NEO. By seeing how the MMPI-2 factors relate to the NEO factors, one could gain insight into what dimensions were common between the tests and how much variance was shared. For example, one might find that an extraversion or neuroticism dimension accounted for a substantial amount of shared variance between the two tests.

One can also use canonical-correlation analysis to produce a model equation which relates two sets of variables, for example a set of performance measures and a set of explanatory variables, or a set of outputs and set of inputs. Constraint restrictions can be imposed on such a model to ensure it reflects theoretical requirements or intuitively obvious conditions. This type of model is known as a maximum correlation model.[8]

Visualization of the results of canonical correlation is usually through bar plots of the coefficients of the two sets of variables for the pairs of canonical variates showing significant correlation. Some authors suggest that they are best visualized by plotting them as heliographs, a circular format with ray like bars, with each half representing the two sets of variables.[9]

Examples

Let with zero expected value, i.e., . If , i.e., and are perfectly correlated, then, e.g., and , so that the first (and only in this example) pair of canonical variables is and . If , i.e., and are perfectly anticorrelated, then, e.g., and , so that the first (and only in this example) pair of canonical variables is and . We notice that in both cases , which illustrates that the canonical-correlation analysis treats correlated and anticorrelated variables similarly.

Connection to principal angles

Assuming that and have zero expected values, i.e., , their covariance matrices and can be viewed as Gram matrices in an inner product for the entries of and , correspondingly. In this interpretation, the random variables, entries of and of are treated as elements of a vector space with an inner product given by the covariance ; see Covariance#Relationship to inner products.

The definition of the canonical variables and is then equivalent to the definition of principal vectors for the pair of subspaces spanned by the entries of and with respect to this inner product. The canonical correlations is equal to the cosine of principal angles.

Whitening and probabilistic canonical correlation analysis

CCA can also be viewed as special whitening transformation where random vectors and are simultaneously transformed in such a way that the cross-correlation between the whitened vectors and is diagonal.[10] The canonical correlations are then interpreted as regression coefficients linking and and may also be negative. The regression view of CCA also provides a way to construct a latent variable probabilistic generative model for CCA, with uncorrelated hidden variables representing shared and non-shared variability.

References

1. Härdle, Wolfgang; Simar, Léopold (2007). "Canonical Correlation Analysis". Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis. pp. 321–330. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72244-1_14. ISBN 978-3-540-72243-4.
2. Knapp, T. R. (1978). "Canonical correlation analysis: A general parametric significance-testing system". Psychological Bulletin. 85 (2): 410–416. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.2.410.
3. Hotelling, H. (1936). "Relations Between Two Sets of Variates". Biometrika. 28 (3–4): 321–377. doi:10.1093/biomet/28.3-4.321. JSTOR 2333955.
4. Hsu, D.; Kakade, S. M.; Zhang, T. (2012). "A spectral algorithm for learning Hidden Markov Models" (PDF). Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 78 (5): 1460. arXiv:0811.4413. doi:10.1016/j.jcss.2011.12.025.
5. Huang, S. Y.; Lee, M. H.; Hsiao, C. K. (2009). "Nonlinear measures of association with kernel canonical correlation analysis and applications" (PDF). Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference. 139 (7): 2162. doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2008.10.011.
6. Kanti V. Mardia, J. T. Kent and J. M. Bibby (1979). Multivariate Analysis. Academic Press.
7. Sieranoja, S.; Sahidullah, Md; Kinnunen, T.; Komulainen, J.; Hadid, A. (July 2018). "Audiovisual Synchrony Detection with Optimized Audio Features" (PDF). IEEE 3rd Int. Conference on Signal and Image Processing (ICSIP 2018).
8. Tofallis, C. (1999). "Model Building with Multiple Dependent Variables and Constraints". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D. 48 (3): 371–378. arXiv:1109.0725. doi:10.1111/1467-9884.00195.
9. Degani, A.; Shafto, M.; Olson, L. (2006). "Canonical Correlation Analysis: Use of Composite Heliographs for Representing Multiple Patterns". Diagrammatic Representation and Inference (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 4045. p. 93. doi:10.1007/11783183_11. ISBN 978-3-540-35623-3.
10. Jendoubi, T.; Strimmer, K. (2018). "A whitening approach to probabilistic canonical correlation analysis for omics data integration". arXiv:1802.03490 [stat.ME].
• Discriminant Correlation Analysis (DCA)[1] (MATLAB)
• Hardoon, D. R.; Szedmak, S.; Shawe-Taylor, J. (2004). "Canonical Correlation Analysis: An Overview with Application to Learning Methods". Neural Computation. 16 (12): 2639–2664. doi:10.1162/0899766042321814. PMID 15516276.
• A note on the ordinal canonical-correlation analysis of two sets of ranking scores (Also provides a FORTRAN program)- in Journal of Quantitative Economics 7(2), 2009, pp. 173–199
• Representation-Constrained Canonical Correlation Analysis: A Hybridization of Canonical Correlation and Principal Component Analyses (Also provides a FORTRAN program)- in Journal of Applied Economic Sciences 4(1), 2009, pp. 115–124
1. M. Haghighat, M. Abdel-Mottaleb, & W. Alhalabi (2016). Discriminant Correlation Analysis: Real-Time Feature Level Fusion for Multimodal Biometric Recognition. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 11(9), 1984-1996.